Western Climate Initiative

The Western Climate Initiative or WCI is an initiative—started by states and provinces along the western rim of North America—to combat climate change caused by global warming, independent of their national governments.

The stated purpose of the WCI is to identify, evaluate and implement ways to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region. The initiative requires partners to set an overall regional goal to reduce emissions, develop a market-based, multi-sector mechanism to help achieve that goal, and participate in a cross-border greenhouse gas registry.

The Western Climate Initiative plans to lay the foundation for an international cap and trade program that would involve both the United States and Canada. On September 23rd, 2008, the WCI released an outline for the implementation of its cap and trade proposal. The first phase of this plan would be implemented on January 1, 2012, followed three years later by a broader cap on carbon emissions in 2015. Alberta and Saskatchewan object to cap and trade and in July 2008 called WCI's plan a "cash grab by some of Canada's resource-poor provinces."

On 22 August, 2007, the WCI set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 15% from 2005 levels by 2020.



Partners vs. observers

The initiative includes two types of membership: partners and observers.

The partners are the U.S. states of Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.

The observers are Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, Wyoming, the province of Saskatchewan (which objects to WCI plans for a cap and trade system), and the Mexican states of Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Sonora and Tamaulipas.

Membership changes

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

* 24 April 2007: British Columbia joined with the five western states, turning the WCI into an international partnership.

* 21 May 2007: Utah became the sixth state to join the WCI when Governor Jon Huntsman Jr. signed the Initiative. Governor Huntsman was the second Republican governor to join, after California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.

* 13 June 2007: Manitoba said that it would be the second Canadian province to join the WCI.

* 24 September 2007: Alaska joined the WCI as an observer.

* 19 November 2007: The Governor of Montana announced that his state would also join.

* 18 April 2008: Quebec, previously an observer, became a partner.

* 18 July 2008: Ontario, previously an observer, became a partner.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/

Voluntary Emissions Reduction

A voluntary emission reduction is an emission reduction that has been achieved outside of compulsion. In other words, the person carrying out the activity was not obliged to do so but choose to do so voluntarily. 'Voluntary Emissions Reductions (VERs) are carbon credits developed by carbon offset providers which are not certified.

Certification of carbon credits (Certified Emissions Reductions) are backed by an international framework and institutions, for example under the UN's Clean Development Mechanism, to ensure that real greenhouse gas emission reductions take place, as well as providing a clear audit trail. Voluntary offset schemes can be defined as those aimed at generating GHG emissions reductions not required by Kyoto Protocol’s derived regulation. Through these schemes, industries and individuals voluntarily compensate their emissions or provide an additional contribution to mitigating climate change.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/

Voluntary Carbon Standard

The Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) is a quality standard for voluntary carbon offset industry. Based on the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism, VCS establishes criteria for validating, measuring, and monitoring carbon offset projects.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

The treaty itself sets no mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the treaty is considered legally non-binding. Instead, the treaty provides for updates (called "protocols") that would set mandatory emission limits. The principal update is the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself.

The UNFCCC was opened for signature on May 9, 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. It entered into force on March 21, 1994. As of December 2009, UNFCCC had 192 parties.

One of its first tasks was to establish national greenhouse gas inventories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals, which were used to create the 1990 benchmark levels for accession of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol and for the commitment of those countries to GHG reductions. Updated inventories must be regularly submitted by Annex I countries.

The UNFCCC is also the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the Convention, with offices in Haus Carstanjen, Bonn, Germany. Since 2006 the head of the secretariat has been Yvo de Boer. The Secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies.

The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/

Pagerank ternyata tidak menentukan posisi mu di google

pagi ini, coba-coba liat pegerank 5 blog yang menggunakan kata kunci "kompetisi website kompas muda kfc", ternyata pagerank ga berpengaruh sama posisi blog di google. Coba liat hasilnya dibawah ini, di sini saya cek mypagerank.net, dan hasilnya:

1. www.shandyisme.com



2. www.mudaers.com



3. tugala.blogspot.com



4. mhs.blog.ui.ac.id



5. telukpitu.blogspot.com

UN-REDD

Overview

The UN-REDD Programme , or " United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries" is a collaborative partnership between the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

It seeks to contribute to the development of capacity for implementing REDD - Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation- and to support the international dialogue for the inclusion of a REDD mechanism in a post-2012 (post Kyoto protocol) climate regime, negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The UN-REDD Programme is not the sole entity assisting countries that wish to engage in REDD activities. Other initiatives include for example the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative, the Global Environment Facility Tropical Forest Account, Australia’s International Forest Carbon Initiative and the Collaborative Partnership on Forests.

The UN-REDD Programme works at both the national and global scale, through support mechanisms for country-driven REDD strategies and international consensus-building on REDD processes.

National Programmes

The UN-REDD Programme assists developing countries to prepare and implement national REDD strategies and mechanisms. These actions 1) help develop the countries capacity to implement REDD strategies and be "REDD-ready" and 2) provide practical experience and lessons learned that can inform the international dialogue on a post-2012 REDD mechanism.

Are supported by the UN-REDD Programme:

* 3 countries from Africa (the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Zambia)
* 3 countries from Asia and the Pacific (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Viet Nam)
* 3 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean (Bolivia, Panama and Paraguay).

The UN-REDD Programme supports these countries in managing their REDD processes by assisting them to :

* identify ways to address their specific drivers of deforestation
* develop methods and tools for measuring and monitoring greenhouse gas emissions
* facilitate the participation of national stakeholders, including Indigenous Peoples and Civil Society Organizations
* access financial and technical assistance.

Priority is given to developing sustainable national multisectoral approaches with broad stakeholder engagement that promote equitable outcomes and to ensuring that countries use reliable methodologies to assess emission reductions. In some countries, key elements of delivering emission reductions – such as REDD payment structuring and distribution options - are also tested.

In March 2009, 18 million dollars were approved by the UN-REDD Programme Policy Board, supporting action plans to assist the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, and Viet Nam to prepare for the inclusion of REDD in a new climate deal.

Activities of the Global Programme

At the global level, the UN-REDD Programme supports country efforts to build consensus and knowledge, and ensures consistency in approaches and economies of scale in the delivery of REDD.

The Programme actively explores and documents examples of “best practices”. These activities seek to promote confidence-building in REDD and raise awareness about the options for including a REDD mechanism in a post 2012 regime. The four specific outcomes of the UN-REDD Programme activities at the global level are:

1) Improved guidance on Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) approaches, including consensus on principles and guidelines for MRV and training programmes.

2) Increased engagement of stakeholders in the REDD agenda, including raising awareness of REDD amongst stakeholders, ensuring Indigenous Peoples representative groups and non-Annex 1 decisionmakers are informed and engaged.

3) Improved analytical and technical framework of social and environmental benefits maximising the contribution of REDD to sustainable development, including the establishment of indicators to assess governance and socio-economic factors in national REDD frameworks, and developing tools to capture the benefits arising from forest ecosystem services.

4) Increased confidence in REDD amongst decision makers on the feasibility of methodologies and the implementation of REDD, through coordination within agencies and with partners,as well as through knowledge management and sharing and support to partner countries.

Organization and Governance

The Policy Board of the UN-REDD Programme convenes at least twice a year to decide on the strategic orientations and budget allocations of the Programme. Meetings are co-chaired by a representative from a UN-REDD Programme country and a representative from either FAO, UNDP or UNEP. The composition of the Board is :

Members

* One representative per UN agency (FAO, UNDP, UNEP)
* One representative per UN-REDD Programme country, up to 9
* One Indigenous Peoples representative (currently the chair of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues)
* One representative from a Civil Society Organization
* One representative per donor country, up to 3

Observers

* Three Indigenous Peoples representatives (from the 3 regions Africa, Asia & the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean), self-selected
* Three representatives from Civil Society Organizations (from the regions above, plus an NGO from an industrialized country)
* UNFCCC Secretariat
* Forest Carbon Partnership Facility represented by the World Bank
* GEF Secretariat

Ex- officio member

* Multi Donor Trust Fund Office, UNDP

This governance system ensures broad representation from a variety of voices.

From http://en.wikipedia.org/

Cek posisi di google dengan kata kunci "Kompetisi Website Kompas MuDA - KFC"

Hari ini tanggal 23 Desember 2009, jam 11.40 WIB (lengkap ya..), iseng-iseng cek posisi beberapa blog dengan kata kunci "Kompetisi Website Kompas MuDA - KFC". Di sini saya akan menyebutkan Blog yang masuk 10 besar google (ingat, di sini kita bertanya ke paman google Indonesia, karena temanya adalah "Bangga Indonesia"). Blog-blog tersebut antara lain:

1. www.shandyisme.com
2. www.mudaers.com (wah, ini seh punya panitia, dihitung ga ya?)
3. tugala.blogspot.com
4. mhs.blog.ui.ac.id
5. telukpitu.blogspot.com
6. www.blogcatalog.com (ga dihitung..)
7. www.blogtopsites.com (sama, ga dihitung..)
8. kompetisiwebsitekompasmudakfc.akuntansiku.info
9. cetak.kompas.com (ini punya kakek kompas, jelas ga dihitung..)
10. alifamariani.wordpress.com

Selamat buat teman2 yang udah masuk 10 besar google, buat yang belum tetap semangat. Soalnya paman google itu bisa berubah pikiran setiap saat, makanya di awal sy tulis tanggal dan jam nya..